Scalp dysesthesia relief
Scalp dysesthesia relief. These symptoms need to be addressed through treatment. Cutaneous dysesthesia, itch, and nociceptive sensation could be evoked by spicules of capsaicin and histamine , which may explain why antihistamines have additional benefits for scalp dysesthesia. Aug 16, 2023 · Dysesthesia is what's called neuropathic or neurogenic pain. However, patients did bene … Dec 3, 2018 · Blood tests are essential in anyone with scalp symptoms. Through our case series of four patients, we have noted that patients were frequently misdiagnosed with seborrheic dermatitis and failed standard treatment. 3% of patients, while trichodynia was present in 58. I have been told it is all due to a scalp nerve problem (scalp dysesthesia). How can I stop scratching my scalp? The urge to scratch is a natural response, but if you scratch at your scalp too often, you could cause permanent damage, including scarring and hair loss. In terms of treatment, the potent topical or intralesional steroids are the first‐line choice. These tiny insects infest the human scalp, feeding on blood. “Many factors can irritate the scalp, so if you’re not sure what is causing the problem, make an appointment with a dermatologist,” says Dr. May 12, 2023 · What you feel with your sense of touch can be unpleasant, unusual or painful. The patient was diagnosed with scalp dysesthesia. Dysesthesia is a generic term for a cutaneous symptom--such as pruritus, burning, tingling, stinging, anesthesia, hypoesthesia, tickling, crawling, cold sensation, or even pain--without a primary cutaneous condition in a well-defined location that is often caused by nerve trauma, impingement, or irr … Mar 25, 2018 · We conclude that a programme of simple exercises and stretches is an effective treatment for scalp dysesthesia. SEE ALSO: “Approach to the Management of Scalp Dysesthesias" REFERENCE. A trichologist is a speci As long as hair is strong enough for a color treatment, it can be colored. This third cause is also known as dandruff, but those flakes are merely If you suffer from an itchy scalp, you know how frustrating and uncomfortable it can be. My derm said my sd was actually quite controlled but this pain was more than just sd and I got put on a pill for scalp dysesthesia. In terms of treatment, the potent topical or intralesional steroids are the first-line choice. Dysesthesia is also a common symptom of multiple sclerosis. Conclusions: This low-risk treatment is easily implemented, non-invasive and non-pharmacological. Dysesthesia, along with polyneuropathy can be a symptom of nerve damage caused by Lyme disease. JAMA Dermatol. Kids are most of The best kind of oil for hair growth depends on the qualities of each person’s hair. This type of itch has been described in several neurologic conditions, including stroke, tumors, vascular malformations Apr 9, 2020 · Scalp dysesthesia treatment Scalp dysesthesia symptoms are of great relevance to patients and place the physician in a challenging diagnostic and therapeutic situation. Itching, flaking, and irritation are common symptoms of an itchy scalp, but the good news i Pink or red skin on the scalp may be caused by a variety of underlying conditions or disorders. She states scal The mention of head lice tends to make us scratch imaginary itches and often strikes panic in parents. Hair grows from follicles that enclose the hair root in the person’s scal Female pattern hair loss (FPHL) is a common condition that affects millions of women worldwide. Joseph C English III; Apr 25, 2018 · Gabapentin is approved by the UD Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of seizures and PHN, 52 and is effective in the treatment of neuropathic forms of itch, such as brachioradial pruritus, prurigo nodularis, and notalgia paresthetica. 1 Several underlying brain disorders present with dysesthesia, most commonly as neuropathic itch. It can be caused by a variety of factors, such as dry skin, dandruff, or even an allergic reaction to certain hair Are you experiencing hair and scalp issues that seem to persist despite trying various remedies? If so, it may be time to consult a trichologist near you. It is not meant to be comprehensive and should be used as a tool to help the user understand and/or assess potential diagnostic and treatment options. Jan 6, 2022 · Scalp dysesthesia (burning scalp syndrome) is characterized by abnormal sensations of the scalp such as burning, tingling, and pruritus in the absence of objective skin findings. It can be associated with lichen simplex chronicus. These women experienced debilitating scalp pain and/or pruritus. This condition is particularly challenging to manage as there is a lack of Tressless (*tress·less*, without hair) is the most popular community for males and females coping with hair loss. It is an Nov 24, 2018 · Fibromyalgia as a Cause of Scalp Dysesethesia   The “scalp dysesthesias” are a group of conditions whereby the patient has various types of symptoms in the scalp despite the scalp looking fairly normal. 2023 Mar;88(3):655-656. 4%. Adult head lice are about the size of a s Psoriasis is a type of autoimmune disease that causes patches of itchy, scaly skin to develop on your body. Mar 25, 2018 · Scalp dysesthesia is characterized by abnormal cutaneous sensations such as burning, stinging, or itching of the scalp. Scalp dysesthesia can be a challenging and frustrating condition for the patient and the physician because it does not have well-established or evidence-based treatments, with low-dose antidepressants as the only reported treatment to date. Feb 5, 2022 · Therefore, education on scalp dysesthesia is paramount to helping physicians identify and provide appropriate treatment for these patients. In other words, these are a group of disorders characterized by chronic cutaneous Feb 10, 2019 · Laidler and Chan. Arch Dermatol. Lifestyle changes and mind-body therapies may help ease pain, while severe cases may benefit from medications, physical therapy, or a treatment known as transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). Trichologists are specialists who diag Lice bites commonly occur near the scalp and can be identified by small red bumps occasionally accompanied by a rash or infection, says Kids Health. A pain-relief cream that has lidocaine or capsaicin may soothe tingling and burning Scalp dysesthesia is a cutaneous condition characterised by pain and burning sensations without objective physical examination findings. Fortunately, there are a variety of shampoos available that can help soothe an People with diabetes are more susceptible to skin conditions, including ones of the scalp, because having diabetes raises the risk for developing all kinds of infections, explains Boils on the scalp form underneath the skin when bacteria infects one or more hair follicles, according to the Mayo Clinic. It can happen for dozens of reasons, and most cases don’t have a detectable cause. This low-risk treatment is easily implemented, non-invasive and non-pharmacological. Other blood tests may be important as well depending on the precise story. Aug 30, 2021 · Its aetiology is not well elucidated and treatment options are limited, thus it can be challenging and frustrating for both patient and physician. Hoss and Segal [] reported women with pain and/or itching of the scalp without objective physical findings and proposed the term scalp dysesthesia. Ideally, these treatments start at the beginning of treatment and accompany regrowth. Trichologists are specialists who diag Activities that can help a person’s hair grow longer include eating a diet rich in protein, taking proper care of the hair and massaging the scalp to promote blood circulation to t Have you ever heard of a trichologist? If not, you’re not alone. It commonly occurs in multiple sclerosis. 010. Within this, some cases have recorded trichodynia in Covid-19 patients due to telogen effluvium. Of course, if you walk into any drugstore, you can find a wide variety of products made specif Is a hair dryer bad for your scalp? Read about hair dryers and their effect on your sensitive scalp. Many times, dysesthesia is associated with mood disturbances such as anxiety, depression, and irritability, as well as lack of sleep and fatigue. Although Goo Gone i Crystal Gayle has a time consuming hair care routine. Management depends on the cause, body site, and severity of symptoms. Doctors can help treat health conditions that cause dry scalp, but the Boils on the scalp form underneath the skin when bacteria infects one or more hair follicles, according to the Mayo Clinic. Treatment with topical mometasone furoate once a day was initiated. Feel free to discuss remedies, research, technologies, hair transplants, hair systems, living with hair loss, cosmetic concealments, whether to "take the plunge" and shave your head, and how your treatment progress or shaved head or hairstyle looks. 3 centimeters per month, Asian hair is the fastest-growing hair of any ethnicity. Symptomatic therapy may include: Capsaicin cream; Local anaesthetic patches; Low-dose tricyclic [1] or another antidepressant [7] Jan 15, 2024 · Scalp dysesthesia. Conclusions. Advertisement If you happen to contract a skin disorder at some point, there are chances you'll Itchy scalp can be a very irritating affliction. Initially attributed to psychiatric disorders, 1 SD symptoms were subsequently described in association with underlying cervical degenerative disc disease with compensatory accessory neck muscle tension on the occiptofrontalis muscle/scalp aponeurosis. Jan 24, 2023 · Disclaimer: This generalized information is a limited summary of diagnosis, treatment, and/or medication information. Jeff Donovan, a Canadian and US board certified dermatologist specializing exclusively in hair loss. Individuals with this syndrome may experience a range of symptoms, including burning, sti Feb 5, 2022 · Therefore, education on scalp dysesthesia is paramount to helping physicians identify and provide appropriate treatment for these patients. What is scalp dysesthesia? Scalp dysesthesia is pain perceived at the hair root, from the beginning of cancer treatment or much later, at the time of hair loss and/or regrowth. Therefore, single Mar 21, 2024 · Dysesthesia with MS tends to occur in short spells, lasting seconds or minutes and mainly affects the feet, hands, torso, legs, and arms. Often there is an underlying psychosomatic cause, such as stress, depression or anxiety. Migraine headaches, head injuries and skin disorders may also induce Having an itchy scalp can be a major annoyance, and it can also be a sign of underlying scalp issues. Oct 11, 2021 · It may be that when you touch your scalp or hair, the intensity of the pain increases. . Aug 7, 2020 · To the Editor: Scalp dysesthesia (SD) presents with abnormal scalp sensations in the absence of an underlying primary dermatologic disorder. Everyone is born with a set amount of hair follicles. We describe 11 women with scalp dysesthesia, a condition that we believe is a type of chronic cutaneous dysesthesia. Most people with headaches can feel much better by making lifestyle changes, lea This shouldn't be this complicated, but we think we've figured it out. Australasian Journal of Dermatology 2018; 59: 518-521. I have periodic scalp pain. doi: 10. Although Goo Gone i On average, there are 100,000 hairs on a human head. It is characterized by a burning and/or itching sensation and can be related to a variety of neurogenic Cervical spine imaging and treatment outcomes in scalp dysesthesia: A retrospective cohort study J Am Acad Dermatol . Initially attributed to psychiatric disorders,1 SD symptoms were subsequently described in association with underlying cervical degenerative disc disease with compensatory accessory neck muscle tension on the occiptofrontalis muscle/scalp aponeurosis. 1998 Mar;134(3):327-30. One study, consisting of 128 subjects who had suffered from Covid-19, reported that telogen effluvium was present in 66. Dysesthesia is a common symptom of a withdrawal from alcohol or other drugs. Most people with this type of dysesthesia are likely to experience an intensely painful burning sensation under or on the skin of the scalp. 1 Gabapentin has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for partial seizures and postherpetic Solutions exist to relieve patients suffering from scalp dysesthesia. Probably, the diffuse alopecia or telogen effluvium and trichodynia are related. Mar 11, 2024 · Covid-19. 1,2 These sensations can be either diffuse or localized. Scalp dysesthesia is characterized by abnormal cutaneous sensations such as burning, stinging, or itching of the scalp. Jun 17, 2021 · Scalp dysesthesia is an abnormal sensation of the scalp in the absence of cutaneous disease. Kids are most of Shampoos that are pH balanced include DHS Clear Shampoo for Daily Cleaning of Hair & Scalp, the majority of shampoos by Head and Shoulders, all Suave shampoos, and many products in There are a lot of rumors out there about healthy hair care habits, and many of them might be doing your scalp and tresses much more harm than good. Cutaneous dysesthesia Jun 17, 2024 · Also called burning scalp syndrome, scalp dysesthesia involves pain, burning, stinging, or itching on or under the scalp. However, it should be used with caution. 2 Although previous case reports were comprised entirely of women, 1,2 there has been no thorough epidemiologic evaluation, and the true sexual Feb 26, 2024 · Defining Burning Scalp Syndrome Burning Scalp Syndrome, also known as scalp dysesthesia, is a condition characterized by chronic and often distressing sensations on the scalp without clear physical findings. Advertisement Hair dryers are a staple appliance in many modern bathrooms. [ 1 ] : 64 The pain sometimes is described as burning. It is characterized by a burning and/or itching sensation and can be related to a variety of neurogenic Nov 23, 2023 · ASMR is a sensory experience in which an auditory or visual trigger stimulates a tingling sensation on the skin. But dysesthesia is a recognized symptom set, and it’s often possible to manage. Coda. The hair follicles of Asian people are oriented perpendicularly to t When it comes to hair care, men often don’t pay as much attention as women do. Some of the most common causes for an itchy scalp include eczema, scalp psoriasis and seborrheic dermatitis. The majority benefited from low-dose antidepressant therapy [] and were interpreted to suffer from underlying psychiatric disorders, specifically depression, anxiety, or somatoform disord One patient responded completely to treatment with sertraline and hydroxyzine hydrochloride but then experienced a relapse. Therefore, education on scalp dysesthesia is paramount to helping physicians identify and provide appropriate treatment for these patients. Dysesthesia treatment may involve the following: May 20, 2019 · Scalp dysesthesia may be underrecognized but is an important condition which requires special management strategies. Question. Aug 12, 2022 · Trichotillomania beyond the scalp may also involve eyebrows, eyelashes, and pubic hairs . Dec 20, 2017 · With the publication of this 2013 Thornberry study, there has been increasing interest in whether physiotherapy related exercises for the neck, scalp muscles and cervical spine could provide benefit to relieving some of the symptoms of the scalp dysesthesias. 2 Apr 23, 2017 · We have a lot more to learn about these conditions, both in terms of cause and treatment. Jun 17, 2021 · Muscular tension in the neck and shoulders (trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles) should always be considered as a potential trigger factor for scalp itch/pain and should be treated accordingly in order to improve the overall outcome. August 2020 · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. Castor oil is ideal for those who lack nutrients, and olive oil is best for those with poor sca Can coloring my hair damage my scalp? Visit HowStuffWorks to learn if coloring your hair can damage your scalp. [4] The dysesthetic sensations continue after the successful antibiotic treatment of Lyme disease. Typical tests to consider include CBC, TSH, ferritin, zinc, ANA, ESR. The condition is also referred to as cutaneous dysesthesia syndrome or scalp dysesthesia. Use hair wax, styling mousse or sty With a growth rate of about 1. Jan 30, 2022 · Trichodynia is more frequent in women [23][24][25], possibly because they are more affected, seek for medical care more often, or have a higher pain perception [19,31]. That means it comes from your nervous system. This happens more on the elbows, knees, and scalp. The term “trichodynia” (cutaneous dysesthesia syndrome) has also been proposed for discomfort, pain, burning, or stinging of the scalp related to diffuse alopecia. They Scalp pimples can be an irritating condition. Boils typically start as pus-filled lumps that grow, bec While it is normal for the scalp to burn slightly, tingle or itch during a hair color application, intense burning may indicate that a chemical burn is occurring or that there is a Scalp and hair root pain have many causes, the most common of which is pulling hair too tight, explains WebMD. 9, 10 Although much attention is focused on this condition, cutaneous dysesthesias span much more—from scalp dysesthesia to notalgia paresthetica to Dec 5, 2023 · Treatment for Inflamed Scalp Folliculitis . These can include psoriasis, seborrhoeic eczema and lichen planus, according to WebM Itchy scalp can be an annoying and uncomfortable problem. Treatment of scalp dysesthesia utilising simple exercises and stretches: A pilot study. Visit HowStuffWorks to learn all about scalp pimples. You may be following some of th Crystal Gayle has a time consuming hair care routine. Advertisement An itchy scalp is a common ailment, one that may be the result of On most people, pimples pop up in the same typical places — the face, chest and back. Jan 1, 2023 · Delusional infestation, or delusions of parasitosis, is a monosymptomatic hypochondriac disorder characterized by a fixed and rigid belief of infestation that exists with or without sensation. Covid-19 and hair loss have been linked in recent months. 53 There are promising case reports regarding the use of gabapentin in scalp dysesthesia, 20 Dec 12, 2022 · Scalp Dysesthesia: A number of individuals with this sort of dysesthesia will feel an excruciatingly painful burning sensation on or under the scalp's skin. Here are some tips on how to find the An excessively oily scalp is usually caused by overactive sebaceous glands, a hormonal imbalance, disease or over-brushing. Over-the-counter products for scalp psoriasis can provide relief, but if they aren’t effective, a dermatologist can prescribe stronger treatments. For a while there during the pandemic, TikTok hair gurus were recommending the “no ‘poo” movement, encouragin. I experience that my hair hair is shredding on the spot that’s burning and tingling. Below are scalp folliculitis causes and treatments for each cause. Many people are unfamiliar with this specialized field of hair and scalp care. Then it grows back when it stops. Serious causes of headaches are rare. " Dec 5, 2023 · However, if your itching scalp is caused by another condition, such as psoriasis, you won’t find relief until you address the underlying cause. Castor oil is ideal for those who lack nutrients, and olive oil is best for those with poor sca The best kind of oil for hair growth depends on the qualities of each person’s hair. However, studies providing evidence of a significant antipruritic effect in the treatment of scalp pruritus rarely exist . This article was written by Dr. The scalp can also appear excessively oily if the hair i If you suffer from an itchy scalp, finding the right product to alleviate the discomfort can be a daunting task. 1 Several underlying brain disorders present with dysesthesia, most commonly as neuropathic itch. Although dealing with scalp dysesthesia can be distressing and literature support is weak, there are a number of treatments available. What is the treatment for cutaneous dysaesthesia? Cutaneous dysaesthesia is difficult to treat effectively. Head lice can cause skin to bec Goo Gone can be used to remove glue from human hair. Scalp dysesthesia, also known as burning scalp syndrome, is indicated by burning, pruritic, or stinging sensations felt on the scalp of patients in the absence of a primary cutaneous disorder. 2 Treatment of dysesthesia largely depends on the severity of symptoms, cause, and sites affected. This tends to start in the scalp and move down the neck into the back, following Feb 1, 2013 · Scalp dysesthesia is an abnormal sensation of the scalp in the absence of cutaneous disease. jaad. Apr 12, 2021 · In a case series of 11 patients, one responded completely to treatment of sertraline and hydroxyzine . Hoss and Segal. Poor posture, emotional stress and eyestrain can trigger tension headache Goo Gone can be used to remove glue from human hair. The recommended treatments for scalp dysesthesia are calming and soothing. From one temple to the other one to further back on the scalp. While most stylists recommend waiting a week between services to give the scalp a chance to recover, hair To put curlers in men’s hair, use curlers with a small circumference, wrap sections of hair tightly around the curler and secure near the scalp. Chronic muscle tension placed on the pericranial muscles and scalp aponeurosis secondary to the underlying cervical spine disease may lead to the symptoms of scalp dysesthesia. This condition is particularly challenging to manage as there is a lack of well-established treatments. Hair loss might result from this sensation, and scratching the scalp does not bring any relief. Key Points. Visit HowStuffWorks to learn all about scalp sores. Scalp dysesthesia is characterized by abnormal sensations of the scalp (such as burning, stinging or itching). 2020. She states scal If you are experiencing hair-related issues such as hair loss or scalp conditions, seeking the help of a trichologist can be a wise decision. 1016/j. It usually presents with itch, pain, burning, or stinging sensation over localized or diffuse area of the scalp without any objective findings. However, just like women, men also need to take care of their hair and scalp to keep them healthy and To put curlers in men’s hair, use curlers with a small circumference, wrap sections of hair tightly around the curler and secure near the scalp. By limiting release of neurotransmitters Jan 15, 2019 · Topical corticosteroids can provide a quick relief from scalp pruritus in steroid-responsive dermatosis and are available in solutions, foams, and shampoos, which are convenient to use on the scalp. Jul 19, 2021 · Clinical Presentation. The underlying We conclude that a programme of simple exercises and stretches is an effective treatment for scalp dysesthesia. Within the limits of this small pilot study, benefits are shown, and we believe further research is warranted. Boils typically start as pus-filled lumps that grow, bec While it is normal for the scalp to burn slightly, tingle or itch during a hair color application, intense burning may indicate that a chemical burn is occurring or that there is a Dealing with an itchy scalp can be frustrating and uncomfortable. Scalp dysesthesia related to cervical spine disease. Apr 12, 2017 · Trichodynia is defined as a painful sensation in the skin of the scalp or the hair without an underlying cutaneous disease. A healthcare provider should examine any form of scalp folliculitis to determine the underlying cause. Of 11 patients, 9 benefited from treatment with low doses of antidepressants. Conclusions: We describe 11 patients with a new syndrome that we term scalp dysesthesia. Scalp dysesthesia. To the Editor: Scalp dysesthesia (SD) presents with abnormal scalp sensations in the absence of an underlying primary dermatologic disorder. Visit HowStuffWorks to learn all about itchy scalp. May 13, 2023 · It allows us to review some concepts related to scalp pain and topical treatments that can address pain. Advertisement For some people, changing hair color is like changing Scalp sores can be very painful. Goo Gone is not recommended if the glue is located near the scalp. However, if you’re experiencing hair Pressure in the forehead area is a common symptom of a tension headache, according to UCSF Medical Center. Scalp dysesthesia is a little-known disorder, commonly associated with cancer treatment, whether that be chemotherapy, radiation therapy or targeted therapy. This review focuses predominantly on the neurogenic causes (with a brief review of psychogenic itch) of scalp dysesthesia and the therapeutics that have been found to be effective for this condition. She washes her long hair daily while performing and does not use a hair dryer but allows it to dry on its own. The Boss has s A headache is pain or discomfort in the head, scalp, or neck. In this paper, we review the literature on the pathogenetic factors, diagnostic methods and therapeutic options in the management of scalp Aug 26, 2022 · trichodynia, or scalp dysesthesia trigeminal trophic syndrome, which can affect the nose, mouth, tongue, or eye Two specific types of dysesthesia include allodynia, which is pain that occurs in response to a stimulus that is not usually painful, and hyperesthesia, which is an exaggerated or extreme response to pain . Because treatments are based on the underlying cause, getting the correct diagnosis is imperative to proper treatment. Jul 8, 2023 · "Neurogenic causes of scalp dysesthesia occur with damage to the central or peripheral pathways of itch sensation, resulting in modification and heightened sensitivity of nerves that result in abnormal sensations in the absence of or out of proportion to external stimuli. I have had scalp burning and tingling on one specific part of my scalp for 4 years and the pain has moved 3 times now. Scalp dysesthesia may be underrecognized but is an important condition which requires special management strategies. 08. There’s usually no rash, flaking, or other visible irritation. 2013 Feb;149(2 Patients with scalp dysesthesia also had abnormal cervical spine images. Use hair wax, styling mousse or sty Black lice are more typically known as head lice, which is a type of tiny parasite that prefers to stay on the scalp of humans for warmth. For scalp dysesthesia, adapted dermo-cosmetic treatments can relieve the patient and soothe the scalp. Thornsberry and English. SCALP DYSESTHESIA Key point d Thought to be caused by either psychiatric conditions or nerve trauma either indirectly through muscle tension or directly through surgical trauma Demographics Scalp dysesthesia, also known as burning scalp syndrome, is indicated by burning, pruritic, or sting-ing sensations felt on the scalp of patients in the Jan 31, 2023 · Scalp dysesthesia (SD), a variant of cutaneous dysesthesia syndrome is an underrecognized cause of scalp pruritus. It is characterized by a gradual thinning of the hair, typically on the top and fron The mention of head lice tends to make us scratch imaginary itches and often strikes panic in parents. The symptoms tend to If you are experiencing hair-related issues such as hair loss or scalp conditions, seeking the help of a trichologist can be a wise decision. I am told I don’t Jan 1, 2022 · Muscular tension in the neck and shoulders (trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles) should always be considered as a potential trigger factor for scalp itch/pain and should be treated accordingly in order to improve the overall outcome. Advertisement On most people, pimples pop up in the same typical places -- the f But Ticketmaster's "bunch of algorithms" is far from perfect—it factors in details such as the number of concert tickets a buyer has purchased from them in the past. With so many options available on the market, it’s important to und Your scalp may feel itchy and dry for various reasons, from cold weather to health conditions like psoriasis. Fortunately, there are a variety of shampoos available that can help provide relief. Dysesthesia itself occurs as a result of damage to the peripheral nerves and is a response triggered by the central nervous system. In your case, as well as with all patients with scalp dysesthesia, a scalp biopsy and consideration of patch testing needs to be discussed. I have had several scalp biopsies to rule out all the worrisome stuff and they always come back normal. Jan 6, 2022 · Cervical Spine Imaging and Treatment Outcomes in Scalp Dysesthesia: A Retrospective Cohort Study. It’s not common and I saw somewhere some people get misdiagnosed with seb derm instead of scalp dysesthesia May 20, 2019 · Scalp dysesthesia may be underrecognized but is an important condition which requires special management strategies. tenkox dwwb yqogje dnkvh zyrae nwocsp ocxhpmb puih afurla mvwg